E160e: Beta-apo-8′-carotenal (c30)

What is E160e?

E160e is beta-apo-8'-carotenal, a carotenoid pigment closely related to beta-carotene. It gives an orange to orange-red colour and is oil-soluble, though it can be formulated to disperse in water.

Origin and production

The compound occurs naturally in small amounts in some fruits and vegetables, such as citrus and spinach, but the food additive is made by chemical synthesis. It is supplied in stabilised forms, sometimes as beadlets that may use carriers such as gelatine or plant gums.

Why is it used?

Beta-apo-8'-carotenal is used to give a warm orange colour to foods and drinks, including soft drinks, sweets, cakes, sauces, pasta dishes and frozen foods. It is chosen for its brightness and relative stability.

Vegan, vegetarian and halal

The pigment itself is synthetic and suitable for vegans and vegetarians, but some commercial colour preparations use gelatine as a carrier. Strict vegans, vegetarians and those seeking halal or kosher assurance may therefore need confirmation from the manufacturer.

Safety and regulation

Beta-apo-8'-carotenal is authorised as a food colour in the European Union, with maximum levels for specific foods. EFSA re-evaluated it in 2012 and revised its acceptable daily intake downwards, after which intake estimates were reviewed.

Common in