E310: Propyl gallate

What is E310?

E310 is propyl gallate, an antioxidant formed by combining gallic acid with propanol. It is a white to creamy powder that protects fats and oils from reacting with oxygen.

Origin and production

Gallic acid occurs naturally in plant tannins, such as those in gallnuts and tea, and can also be made synthetically; it is then esterified with propanol to make propyl gallate. The additive itself is produced industrially.

Why is it used?

Propyl gallate slows the oxidation that makes fats rancid, often working together with other antioxidants such as BHA and BHT. It is used in fats and oils, processed and frozen meats, sausages, ready meals and pizzas.

Vegan, vegetarian and halal

E310 is produced from plant-derived or synthetic materials and is suitable for vegans and vegetarians. It raises no particular halal or kosher concerns on its own.

Safety and regulation

Propyl gallate is authorised as a food additive in the European Union, with maximum levels for specific foods. EFSA re-evaluated it in 2014 and set an acceptable daily intake; occasional skin sensitisation has been reported, particularly from non-food uses.

Common in