E461: Methyl cellulose

What is E461?

Methyl cellulose is a modified form of cellulose in which some of the natural hydroxyl groups have been replaced by methyl groups. Labelled E461, it dissolves in cold water but, unusually, forms a gel when heated and becomes liquid again as it cools.

Origin and production

It is made by treating plant cellulose, usually from wood pulp or cotton, with an alkali and then with a methylating agent such as methyl chloride.

Why is it used?

Its ability to set on heating makes methyl cellulose a key binder in plant-based meat alternatives such as vegetarian sausages and burgers, where it holds the product together during cooking. It is also used in frozen foods, pizzas, gluten-free breads and fillings.

Vegan, vegetarian and halal

Methyl cellulose is plant-derived and suitable for vegans and vegetarians. It is not generally a halal or kosher concern.

Safety and regulation

Methyl cellulose is authorised as a food additive in the EU and was re-evaluated by EFSA together with other modified celluloses, without the need for a numerical acceptable daily intake.

Common in