E331: Trisodium citrate

What is E331?

Trisodium citrate (E331iii) is the fully neutralised sodium salt of citric acid. It is a white, crystalline powder with a mildly salty, slightly tart taste.

Origin and production

It is made by reacting citric acid with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. The citric acid is mostly produced by fermenting sugars with the mould Aspergillus niger.

Why is it used?

It buffers acidity, keeping the tartness of drinks and sweets consistent, and it softens the sharp taste of citric acid. It is used in soft drinks, iced teas, energy drinks and sour candies, and as an emulsifying salt that gives processed cheese its smooth melt.

Vegan, vegetarian and halal

Trisodium citrate is produced without animal ingredients and is generally considered suitable for vegans and vegetarians.

Safety and regulation

Sodium citrates are authorised in the EU for general use in most foods and have been evaluated by EFSA. Citrate is also a normal part of human metabolism.

Common in