E440: Pectins

What is E440?

Pectins (E440) are soluble fibres found in the cell walls of fruit, where they help hold plant tissue together. In the presence of sugar and acid, or calcium, pectin forms a gel, which is why fruit jams set.

Origin and production

Commercial pectin is extracted with hot acidified water mainly from citrus peel and apple pomace, by-products of juice production. Amidated pectin is a chemically modified form made by treating pectin with ammonia.

Why is it used?

Pectin is the standard gelling agent for jams, jellies and fruit preserves, and also thickens and stabilises fruit yogurts, fillings, desserts, gummy sweets and acidified milk drinks. Low-sugar jams often use amidated or low-methoxyl pectin, which gels with calcium instead of high sugar levels.

Vegan, vegetarian and halal

Pectin is plant-derived and is a common vegan alternative to gelatine. It is suitable for vegetarians and does not usually pose halal or kosher issues.

Safety and regulation

Pectins are authorised as food additives in the EU and were re-evaluated by EFSA, which did not find a safety concern at reported uses. They are permitted in most foods at levels consistent with good manufacturing practice.

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