E452: Polyphosphates

What is E452?

Polyphosphates (E452) are chains of three or more phosphate units bound to sodium, potassium, calcium or sodium-calcium. They are strong binders of minerals and can attach to proteins, changing how they hold water.

Origin and production

They are produced by heating phosphate salts, made from purified phosphoric acid derived from phosphate rock, at high temperatures so that the units link into chains.

Why is it used?

Polyphosphates help seafood, frozen fish and processed meats retain moisture, keep processed cheese and cheese spreads smooth, and improve texture in instant noodles. They also bind metal ions that can cause off-flavours or discolouration.

Vegan, vegetarian and halal

Polyphosphates are mineral-based and made without animal ingredients, so they are suitable for vegans and vegetarians. They raise no particular halal or kosher issue.

Safety and regulation

Polyphosphates are authorised in the EU with maximum levels for specific foods and fall under the group acceptable daily intake for phosphates set by EFSA in 2019. EFSA identified a risk of exceeding that intake for some population groups when phosphorus from all dietary sources is considered.

Common in