E141: Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins

What is E141?

Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins (E141) are green colourings derived from chlorophyll, the pigment that makes plants green. Replacing chlorophyll's central magnesium atom with copper makes the colour much more stable to heat, light and acid.

Origin and production

Chlorophyll is extracted from plant material such as grass, alfalfa or nettles using solvents, and then treated with copper salts. Chlorophyllins are a water-soluble form produced by breaking down the chlorophyll molecule.

Why is it used?

E141 gives a stable bright or olive green to sweets, gummy candies, sugar-free chewing gum, ice creams and other confectionery, as well as to some preserved vegetables and sauces.

Vegan, vegetarian and halal

These colourings are plant-derived and generally suitable for vegans and vegetarians.

Safety and regulation

E141 is authorised in the EU and was re-evaluated by EFSA. Its specifications limit the amount of free, unbound copper.

Common in