E304: Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid

What is E304?

Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid (E304) combine vitamin C with a fatty acid, producing ascorbyl palmitate (E304i) or ascorbyl stearate (E304ii). Unlike ordinary vitamin C, these compounds dissolve in fats.

Origin and production

They are made by reacting ascorbic acid with palmitic or stearic acid. These fatty acids are commonly sourced from vegetable oils, including palm oil, but can also come from animal fats.

Why is it used?

As fat-soluble antioxidants, they slow the oxidation that makes oils and fatty foods go rancid. They are used in cooking oils, biscuits, snacks, instant mashed potatoes and infant formulas.

Vegan, vegetarian and halal

The fatty acid portion may be plant- or animal-derived, so vegans and vegetarians should check with the manufacturer or look for certification. Those avoiding palm oil should note that palm is a common source of the palmitic acid.

Safety and regulation

E304 is authorised in the EU, including in some foods for infants under specific conditions, and it was re-evaluated by EFSA, which did not identify safety concerns at reported uses.

Common in